BOOKS BASED NOTES

HOW TO IMPROVE HUMAN BEINGS. Only human beings are capable of innovations. Of all species human beings are the single one which are independent of natural evolution for their development. This is because of their cognitive capability which enables them to innovate. Since human capability of growth and development is not entirely a result of natural selection society in which a particular human being lives is instrumental for his or her growth and development. A society with closed idea and strict regulations for compliance prepare it's members for following the dictates of the powerful and such conformist population is averse to the idea of innovation and thus averse to the idea of being human being itself as if human beings have no capability for innovation they are nothing but like other animals of the planet. On the other side if a society promotes the idea of innovation and for this gives the members liberty to experiment different ideas these members get encouraged for finding...

DEMOCRACY IN INDIA HAS LOST HER MORAL PHILOSOPHICAL COVER Indian democracy in last some years has been stripped off her moral philosophical cover. Moral philosophy is the skin of democracy which protects democracy from various sorts of scratches and aberrations. But when this cover goes democracy's body is exposed to all sorts of external environment. When some sort of dictatorship has to take the place of democracy in guise of democracy herself that dictatorial theory first strip democracy of her moral values . Democracy is based on open discussion, opposition and respect for discontent. Although rules recognize majority's claim yet majority is bound to allow free flow of information , discussion, opposition and even discontentment to happen. Majority resolves the dilemma by resorting to discussion and pursuation and even gives concession to the discontent groups. This is the moral philosophical cover which is removed by a dictatorial regime so that people can't access to ...

Military power doesn't necessarily make a nation strong and happy place . Take China on one hand, a military superpower with a lot of discontent population reeling under the tyranny of political bosses. On the other hand there are Scandinavian countries with small military power but highly satisfied people with best quality of life in the world. Military power has neither assured the US nor Israel a peaceful life for their people. Lessons from history and present teach us make society more equitably prosperous. A nation of satisfied and prosperous people becomes strong in due course.

HOW DEMOCRACY IS POSSIBLE Whatever we discuss , whatever we do for electoral reforms are not going to strengthen democracy. Democracy is not all about holding free and fair elections because democracy is not limited to installation of a political party of popular choice in power.   Then what? Democracy is more concerned to equality and dignity and the dual goals of equality and dignity are ensured by the system of justice. But realization of justice is made possible by awareness of masses and awareness comes from knowledge and education. So if we desire to consolidate democracy in a society or a country we first need to make people aware, aware of the rights and duties,aware of the responsibilities of elite and powerful. This awareness comes from free flow of education which brings knowledge and information. Educational emancipation coupled with unhindered access to knowledge and information are the backbone with the help of  which democratic edifice is erected. Aware peo...

DEMOCRACY IN PERIL Education Health Public Services Transport Communication Mixed Economy Inequality Social Inequality Lack of Affirmative action Migrants No social Security Social Discrimination ×××××××××××××××××××××× No Internal party democracy Money Power Muscle Power Criminalization of Politics Voter intimidation Emotional Appeal Electrol Bonds and Black Money No Meaningful Discussion in Legislatures Legislature Functioning Legislature dissolution into Executive Inefficient  Executives Partition Executives Social fissures within Bureaucracy Misuse of Law Enforcement Agencies Private Militia Delayed Justice Week Judiciary Executive vs Judiciary Legislature vs Judiciary Intimidating Judiciary Communal Citizenry and Law Corporatization of Media Communal Media Lapdog Media Fake News Troll Social Media Use of violence against Media Use of Law Enforcement Agencies against Media ××××××××××××××××××××× PROBABLE CONSEQUENCES Widespread violence Social Dissatisfaction Military coup Social...

We have entered into new economic order and our understanding of economics must adapt these new changes and challenges. Our economics must  be skilled to face challanges posed by climate change, technological disruptions, pandemics and other diseases , racism , increasing inequality, meritocracy and concentration of wealth and resources, gaps in capabilities, and human dignity and freedom to  prosper . Traditional approach of looking at through the glasses of industry, agriculture, services and trade  is not going to help us much. Politics and society are going to alter the values and practices of economics. Focus on middle class will pauparise economics, so it will have to transcend beyond middle class to penetrate the real poor. Indices of GDP like things are losing their relivance. Economics will have to go beyond average numbers and mean numbers to absolute numbers.

POWER OF UNCERTAINTY Unpredictability of human beings is their greatest strength which makes them more intelligent. Doing a certain thing or a series of certain things in a certain way yield a certain result which if the same all where is termed as a theory. This theory is said to scientific. But the certainty of a theory makes the theory listless and prevents the progress or rather say evolution since the theory produces the same result in all practicals. But evolution can happen only when something deviates and only those things deviate which are capable of being unpredictable. This is characteristic to human being and this is still missing in a machine. As long as human beings enjoy the capacity of unpredictablilty and machines continue to be repetitive human beings will rule over technology and it's generator which is science. Whenever the reverse starts to happen in future science will start ruling human beings. 

भारतीय लोकतंत्र और निरंकुशता हम और हमारे नेतागण भारत के महान लोकतंत्र का गुण गाते नहीं अघाते हैं। भारतीय लोकतंत्र के चुनाव प्रणाली को हम सभी लोहा मानते हैं। सारी दुनिया में हम घूम घूम कर कहते हैं कि हमारी चुनाव प्रणाली अद्भुत रूप से साफ सुथरी है।   लेकिन क्या वास्तव में भारतीय लोकतंत्र की चुनाव व्यवस्था निष्पक्ष और साफ सुथरी है? यह सवाल आज और समीचीन हो गया है जब से हमने ये जाना है कि भारत का चुनाव आयोग सत्ताधारी दल के दबाव में काम कर रहा है। यह बात इस रस्योद्घाटन से भी जड़ जमाई है कि एक तत्कालीन चुनाव आयुक्त की जासूसी पेगासस सॉफ्टवेयर के माध्यम से कराई गई। लेकिन एक सवाल है कि क्या भारतीय चुनाव प्रणाली को इस सरकार ने ही पहली बार प्रदूषित किया है या यह एक लंबी प्रक्रिया का छोटा सा भाग भर है? क्या आज के विपक्षी दल जो कल सत्ता में थे उन्होंने ऐसा कोई घृणित कार्य नहीं किया था? भारतीय चुनाव व्यवस्था में भयंकर हिंसा, बाहुबल, और पैसे का बोलबाला क्या 1951 के पहले चुनाव से ही नहीं शुरू हो गया था? आज जो दल वर्तमान सरकार की करतूतों को गिना रहें हैं वे ही दल जब कल सत्ता में थे तो उन्होंने हिंसा,...